FITOWA TA 3:
Bincike da wayar da kan al’umma
A wannan zamani, harkokin kasuwanci da rayuwar yau da kullum sun ƙara dogaro da bankuna, na’urorin POS, ATM da sauran hanyoyin musayar kuɗi ta zamani.
Mutane suna ajiye kuɗi a banki, karɓar rance, tura kuɗi, cire kuɗi ta ATM, amfani da POS wajen saye da sayarwa da gudanar da harkokin kasuwanci ta intanet.
Sai dai tambayar da ya kamata Musulmi ya yi ita ce: Shin dukkan waɗannan mu’amaloli sun halatta a Musulunci? Ina Riba take shiga cikinsu, kuma mene ne bambanci tsakanin kuɗin hidima da Ribar da aka haramta?
1. AJIYAR KUƊI A BANKI DOMIN SAMUN RUWA
Idan mutum ya ajiye kuɗinsa a banki bisa yarjejeniyar cewa zai samu ƙarin kuɗi tabbatacce saboda ajiyar, wannan yana cikin Riba.
Misali:
Mutum ya ajiye ₦1,000,000 a banki, aka yi yarjejeniya cewa bayan shekara guda zai karɓi ₦1,000,000 tare da ƙarin ₦100,000 a matsayin ruwa.
Ƙarin ₦100,000 ɗin Riba ne.
Majalisar Fiqih ta Duniya a kudurinta mai lamba 86 (3/9), ta bayyana haramcin ajiyar kuɗi da ake biyan ruwa a kansu, ko asusun ajiyar yau da kullum ne ko na wani ƙayyadadden lokaci.
Sai dai akwai tsarin ajiyar kuɗi na Musulunci da ake gudanarwa bisa yarjejeniyar Mudarabah. A irin wannan tsarin, ana rabon ribar zuba jari bisa yarjejeniyar da aka yi, ba tare da sharɗanta ƙarin kuɗi tabbatacce a kan bashi ba.
2. KARƁAR RANCEN BANKI DOMIN GUDANAR DA KASUWANCI
Wani lokaci ɗan kasuwa yana buƙatar kuɗi domin faɗaɗa kasuwancinsa, sayen kaya ko gudanar da wasu ayyuka.
Idan ya karɓi rancen ₦2,000,000, aka sharɗanta cewa zai mayar da ₦2,500,000 saboda an ba shi bashin, ƙarin ₦500,000 ɗin Riba ne.
Haka kuma, ba ya halatta a ƙara kuɗi a kan bashin saboda jinkirin biya.
Amma akwai wasu hanyoyin samar da jari bisa tsarin Musulunci, kamar Mudarabah, Musharakah da Murabahah. Kowannensu yana da nasa ƙa’idoji da sharudda.
3. SHIN KUƊIN HIDIMAR BANKI RIBA NE?
Ba duk kuɗin da banki yake cirewa daga asusun mutum ba ne Riba.
Akwai kuɗaɗen da ake karɓa saboda ayyukan hidima na gaske, kamar samar da katin banki, gudanar da wasu mu’amaloli ko wasu ayyukan da aka amince da su.
Majalisar Fiqih ta Duniya a kudurinta mai lamba 222 (6/23) ta yi bayani kan wasu fa’idodi da hidimomin da banki yake bayarwa ga masu asusun ajiyar kuɗi.
Ta bayyana halaccin wasu hidimomin gudanar da ajiyar kuɗi da cire kuɗi, amma ta kuma nuna cewa wasu fa’idodi da ake bayarwa saboda mutum ya ajiye kuɗi a banki na iya zama haram idan suna kama da ƙarin riba a kan bashi.
Saboda haka, dole ne a binciki ainihin hidimar da ake biya da kuma dangantakarta da kuɗin da aka ajiye.
4. MENENE HUKUNCIN AMFANI DA POS?
POS yana daga cikin hanyoyin karɓar kuɗi da suka zama ruwan dare a Najeriya.
Amfani da POS wajen karɓar kuɗin sayen kaya ko biyan hidima ba Riba ba ne kai tsaye.
Misali:
Mutum ya sayi kayan abinci a ₦50,000, ya biya ta POS. Mai sayarwa ya karɓi kuɗinsa ta hanyar na’urar POS.
Wannan ciniki ne na yau da kullum, muddin babu wata haramtacciyar yarjejeniya a cikinsa.
Amma dole ne a bambanta kuɗin hidimar POS da ƙarin kuɗin da aka ɗora wa mutum saboda bashin kuɗi.
Haka kuma, mai kasuwanci ya kamata ya kiyaye dokokin CBN kan cajin hidimar POS da wanda ya kamata ya ɗauki nauyinsu.
5. SHIN KUƊIN CIRE KUƊI TA ATM RIBA NE?
Ba kowane kuɗin cire kuɗi ta ATM ne Riba ba.
CBN ta fitar da sanarwa a ranar 10 ga Fabrairu 2025, wadda ta fara aiki daga ranar 1 ga Maris 2025, kan tsarin cajin cire kuɗi ta ATM.
A cikin tsarin:
– Cire kuɗi daga ATM na bankin da mutum yake da asusu a cikinsa ba shi da caji.
– Cire kuɗi daga ATM na wani banki a cikin harabar bankin yana da cajin ₦100 kan kowane cirewar ₦20,000.
– Cire kuɗi daga ATM na wani banki da yake wajen harabar banki yana da cajin ₦100 tare da ƙarin kuɗin da ba zai wuce ₦500 ba kan kowane cirewar ₦20,000.
Dole ne a bayyana ƙarin kuɗin kafin mai amfani ya amince da cirewar.
Waɗannan kuɗaɗe cajin hidimar ATM ne bisa tsarin CBN. Ba ya nufin cewa duk wani cajin ATM Riba ne.
6. HUKUNCIN SANA’AR POS AGENT
A Najeriya, mutane da dama suna gudanar da sana’ar POS ta hanyar taimaka wa wasu wajen cire kuɗi, saka kuɗi da tura kuɗi.
A nan ya kamata a bambanta tsakanin:
– Kuɗin hidimar da aka karɓa saboda gudanar da mu’amala.
– Kuɗin wakilci da aka karɓa bisa yarjejeniyar hidima.
– Ƙarin kuɗin da aka sharɗanta a kan bashin da aka bayar.
Hukuncin kowace mu’amala yana dogara da ainihin tsarin da aka yi.
Idan kuɗin hidima ne na halal, ba lallai ya zama Riba ba. Amma idan mutum ya bayar da bashi, sannan ya sharɗanta samun ƙarin kuɗi saboda wannan bashi, wannan Riba ce.
Saboda haka, ba za a yanke hukunci iri ɗaya ga dukkan tsarin POS ba tare da binciken yadda ake gudanar da mu’amalar ba.
7. ME YA KAMATA MUSULMI YA YI DOMIN GUJE WA RIBA?
Ga wasu matakai da ya kamata Musulmi ya kiyaye:
1. Ya guji ajiyar kuɗi da aka sharɗanta samun ruwa a kanta.
2. Ya guji karɓar rancen da aka ɗora masa ƙarin kuɗi saboda bashin.
3. Ya binciki tsarin zuba jarin da bankuna ke bayarwa kafin ya shiga.
4. Ya bambanta kuɗin hidima da kuɗin ruwa.
5. Ya nemi cikakken bayani kan yarjejeniyar banki kafin ya amince da ita.
6. Ya nemi shawarar malaman fikihu masu ƙwarewa a harkokin kuɗi idan ya shiga wata mu’amala mai ruɗani.
8. MUHIMMAN DARUSSAN DA YA KAMATA MU FAHIMTA
Daga wannan bincike, mun fahimci cewa:
– Ba duk kuɗin da banki ke karɓa ba ne Riba.
– Ba duk kuɗin da POS ke karɓa ba ne Riba.
– Ba duk cajin ATM ba ne Riba.
– Ƙarin kuɗin da aka sharɗanta a kan rance saboda bashin kuɗi yana cikin Riba.
– Ajiyar kuɗi da aka sharɗanta samun ruwa a kanta tana cikin Riba.
– Akwai hanyoyin gudanar da harkokin banki da zuba jari bisa ƙa’idojin Musulunci.
Saboda haka, ya kamata Musulmi ya fahimci ainihin tsarin mu’amalarsa maimakon ya dogara da sunan da aka ba ta kawai.
KAMMALAWA
Musulunci bai hana amfani da fasahar zamani wajen gudanar da kasuwanci ba. Amma ya wajabta wa Musulmi ya tabbatar da cewa hanyoyin da yake amfani da su ba su saɓa wa Shari’a ba.
Neman arziki yana da muhimmanci, amma neman arziki ta hanyar halal ya fi muhimmanci.
Mu yi amfani da bankuna, POS da sauran hanyoyin zamani cikin ilimi, gaskiya da tsoron Allah. Mu guji Riba, mu nemi albarkar halal.
Allah Ya azurta mu da halal, Ya kare mu daga haram, Ya sanya albarka a cikin dukiyarmu. Amin.
—
MANAZARTA
1. Alƙur’ani Mai Girma – Suratul Baqarah, ayoyi 275, 278–279.
2. International Islamic Fiqh Academy – Resolution No. 86 (3/9), Bank Deposits, 1995.
3. International Islamic Fiqh Academy – Resolution No. 222 (6/23), Banking Advantages of Current Account Customers, 2018.
4. Central Bank of Nigeria – Review of ATM Transaction Fees, Circular dated 10 February 2025.
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